Modi folds in war with farmers

The farmers’ protest stood out for its scale, imagery and sheer persistence . . . [and] captured global attention.

India’s government has repealed a series of reforms to the country’s agricultural sector, marking a rare political setback for Prime Minister Narendra Modi ahead of a hotly contested state election that could determine his party’s grip on power.

The laws sparked more than a year of protests by farmers, who doggedly occupied the highways surrounding the capital, New Delhi, and held demonstrations that sometimes led to bloody clashes with police and government supporters.

The reforms, passed in September 2020, rolled back government subsidies and price supports for staple crops including wheat and rice, and overhauled state-regulated markets where they have been traded.

Supported in principle by many economists, and previously suggested by the opposition, the reforms proved to be an unlikely stumbling block for Modi, who has otherwise rammed through a number of controversial measures during his seven-year tenure – and rarely apologised for what were widely perceived to be policy missteps.

But yesterday, he did. ‘‘I want to apologise to the countrymen, with a pure and true heart, that something may have fallen short,’’ Modi said in a televised address to the country.

He maintained that the farm laws would have liberalised markets and benefited farmers. But ‘‘we were not able to explain to some farmer brothers’’, he said.

‘‘Whatever I did was for farmers. What I am doing is for the country.’’

Modi’s reversal – and his tone of contrition – came as a surprise

to many observers accustomed to a dominant leader whose brand is built upon his personal toughness, charisma and strident nationalism.

Modi stood firm after a 2016 move to abruptly eliminate certain denominations of paper currency proved disastrous for the world’s sixth-largest economy. He also did not publicly acknowledge any failures in the government response to the catastrophic Covid-19 pandemic wave that ravaged India this spring.

Despite large-scale nationwide protests, Modi backed a controversial law passed in 2019 that

granted a pathway to citizenship for migrants of several religions, including Hindus, Buddhists and Christians, but not Muslims. Earlier that year, Modi’s government unilaterally revoked the semiautonomous status of Kashmir, India’s only Muslimmajority state.

For the past year, members of his ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have gone on the offensive over the farm bills, accusing protesting farmers – many of whom are followers of the Sikh religion – of disloyalty, and alleging they have ties to Sikh separatist groups and Pakistan.

But yesterday’s climbdown underscores the stakes of the upcoming 2022 election in Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state and an agricultural powerhouse that occupies more seats in parliament than any other state, experts say. The Hindu nationalist BJP currently holds power in the state, and losing control would hurt Modi’s chances in a 2024 nationwide election.

In a country that frequently sees political demonstrations, the farmers’ protest stood out for its scale, imagery and sheer persistence. Tens of thousands of turbaned farmers sat on the highways outside New Delhi through a bitter winter, sustaining themselves in encampments, and outlasted crackdowns by police.

In the face of a government known for its mastery of public relations, the farmers waged a Twitter campaign in which they accused Modi of killing them. It infuriated the government but captured global attention, with celebrities like singer Rihanna tweeting their support.

Rakesh Tikait, one of the leaders of the farmers’ movement and a figure seen as a political power broker in western Uttar Pradesh, said the protesters would not go home until the day parliament repealed the laws.

Saba Naqvi, the author of a contemporary history of the BJP, said the party had often been seen as a political juggernaut that portrayed its opponents as unpatriotic and brushed them aside at both the voting booth and on the streets.

‘‘The psychological cycle of fear of this regime will be broken,’’ said Naqvi. ‘‘The same farmers who sat down and protested for a year, who were hit with water cannons, who were beaten, who endured abuse on pro-government channels, who were described as anti-nationals, have actually won.’’